Petroleum Business Review
Quarterly Publication

Investigating the Impact of the Structure of Iran's Oil Contracts on Technology Transfer

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Javad kashanei 1
Mohsen Matour 2
Faysal Ameri 1

1 Associate Professor, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law & Political Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran,

2 Ph.D Student of Private law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22050/pbr.2022.341654.1263
Abstract
the formation of the current legal system is a function and is influenced by a basic element called time. An element that influences not only the formation of the legal system, but also its evolution.so, the legal system in the Iranian oil industry began with a contract and not with the legislation of a law. In relation to the term "contractual framework", it seems necessary to explain that the contractual framework refers to the criteria which give the contracts such a feature that it distinguishes that contract and similar contracts from other contracts concluded in that field. What were these contracts? How did they form the legal system of the Iranian oil industry? What has been their impact on technology transfer in the oil industry? These are some of the questions that will be addressed in this work. Disappointment with the framework of previous agreements (concession agreements), along with socio-political contexts such as the nationalization of the oil industry, led to a re-examination of this industry's contract frameworks in the light of past experiences, better future benefits and national independence and sovereignty. But how successful it was, that is another matter. Because the oil companies did not simply want to transfer the maximum benefits to the countries with oil resources, and used the dependence of those countries to their industry as a tactic against this trend as much as possible. Therefore, the structure of contracts governing the oil industry should be considered as a result of this conflict of interests.

Keywords

IPC contracts
Oil contracts
Oil law
Technology transfer
Subjects

  1.  

    1. Ameri, Faysal;( 2007) Oil contracts and their role in technology transfer, Journal of Public Law, No. 3, pp. 40-46.
    2. Articles of Association of the National Iranian Oil Company, approved in 1977.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/97550

    1. Bennett D (2002), UNIDO and the World Summit on Sustainable Development Innovative Technology Transfer Framework Linked to Trade for UNIDO Action, economy environment employment , United Nation Industrial Development Organization, Vienna.
    2. Deputy Minister of Research and Technology,( June 2010) General Research Office of the Ministry of Oil, Comprehensive Strategic System for Research and Technology of the Oil Industry, approved by the Minister of Oil, p. 9.

    http://research.nigc.ir/Portal/home/default.aspx?categoryid=c53dd8ba-acb3-4ac3-a16c-a102ca196a63

    1. Derakhshan, Massoud,( Winter 2013) Favorable Characteristics of Oil Contracts: An Economic-Historical Approach to the Performance of Oil Contracts in Iran, Iranian Energy Economics Quarterly, pp. 133-53, Volume 3, Footnote p.67.
    2. Derakhshan, Massoud; Taklif, Atefeh; (2015) Technology Transfer and Development in the Upstream Sector of Iran's Oil Industry: Considerations on Concepts, Requirements, Challenges and Solutions, Iranian Journal of Energy Economics, Volume 4, Spring 14, Pages 33-88, Spring, p 65.
    3. Haji Mirzaei, Mohammad Ali et al.,( Winter 2016) Presenting a Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Oil Contracts from the Perspective of Safe Production - Case Study: Iran Mutual Sales Contracts, Quarterly Journal of Energy Economics Studies, Year 12, Number 51, Pages 181-213.
    4. Hatami, Ali; Karimian, Ismaeil, (2014) Foreign Investment Law in the Light of Investment Law and Contracts, Tisa Publications, Tehran.
    5. Iranian Oil Law approved in 1974.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/97129?keyword=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%20%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%20%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C

    1. Iranian Oil Law approved in 1987.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/91406

    1. Kazemi Najafabadi, Abbas;( 2014) Familiarity with oil contracts, Tehran, Shahr-e-Danesh Publications, first edition, p.88.
    2. Legal Affairs of the National Iranian Oil Company,( 2002) Collection of Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Laws and Regulations (before the Constitution until now), (1872-2002), Volume 1, Pages 1414-1, Tehran: General Department of Public Relations of the Ministry of Oil, February, p19.
    3. Maskus K.E. and Reichman J. H.; (2005), International Public Goods And Transfer Of Technology Under A Globalized Intellectual Property Regime, Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, UK, p 258.
    4. Manzoor, Davood, Amani, Massoud; Kohan Hooshnejad, Ruhollah,( Summer 2015) A Study of the Legal Status of Production Participation Contracts in the Laws of the Country, Iranian Journal of Energy Economics, Fourth Year, No. 15, pp. 183-217.
    5. Ministry of Oil,( 2020) Research, Technology and Commercialization Regulations of the Ministry of Oil, approved by the Minister of Oil.

    https://drt.mop.ir/Home/ShowPage.aspx?Object=NEWS&ID=d8cc8fe9-dc01-4b7e-9dcd-d5b4a93b869d&WebPartID=1b8b1f65-0148-4cb1-98a6-a9a0f67ed24f&CategoryID=5e5f6c13-b7af-4d3b-b11f-bb34ca19ec83

    1. Mousavi, Hassan;(2016) Legal analysis of the model of service contracts in the upstream sector of Iran's oil and gas industry with an emphasis on the new model of the new IPC contract, Tehran, Ganj Danesh Publications, pp. 290-292.
    2. Norouzi, Mohammad;(2017) Commitment to the result or by the condition of technology transfer in upstream oil contracts, Scientific Monthly Extension of Oil and Gas Exploration and Production, Imam Jafar Sadegh University, No. 142, Pages 13-18,
    3. Oil Documents, (1951)General Directorate of Publishing and Advertising, pp. 5-9.
    4. Nouri Kohani, Parviz; (2019) An approach to the comprehensive management system of research, technology and innovation of the Ministry of Petroleum, Exploration and Production, pages 7-13, number 79, pp. 7-8.
    5. Oil Act Amendment Law approved in 2011.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/print_version/793088

    1. Oil Law approved in 1957.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/94817

    1. Pakdaman, Reza; (2002) Types of International Oil Contracts - Their Advantages and Disadvantages, Design of Potential Facilities and Strategies for Attracting Foreign Investment in Oil and Gas Industries, National Iranian Oil Company, Research and Development Affairs of Oil Engineering and Development Company, No. 124, pp 47-48.
    2. Patel S. et al, (2001), INTERNATIONAL TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY: THE ORIGINS AND AFTERMATH OF THE UNITED NATIONS NEGOTIAT IONS ON A DRAFT CODE OF CONDUCT Kluwer Law International.
    3. Rahbari, Ebrahim, (2013) Technology Transfer Law, First Edition, Samat Publications, Tehran.p 16.
    4. Rahimi, Fathullah; (2016)Gradual evolution of Iran's international oil contracts, Tehran, Ganj-e-Danesh Publications.
    5. Shahniai, Ahmad,(2003) Technology Transfer Contracts and Its Conditions, Master dissertation in Private Law, Qom Campus University of tehran, p.13.
    6. Shiravi, Abdul Hussein; Ebrahimi, Sayed Nasrullah; Asgharian, Mojtaba (translator);(2009) Exploration and development of Iran's oil fields through reciprocal sale agreements, International Law Journal, Journal of the Center for International Legal Affairs, Volume 26, Number 41, Pages 243-262.
    7. Tawakul, Mohammad; Mehdizadeh, Mohammad Reza,( Fall 2007) A Study of Technology Development and Iran's Oil Industry 1978, A Look at the Sociology of Technology, Social Science Letter, No. 31, Pages 21-56, p. 36.
    8. Vaziri, Shahrokh; (2002)Oil and Power in Iran: From the Aqueduct to the Oil Pipe, translated by Morteza Saghebfar, Tehran: Atai Publishing Institute, 2, p. 280.
    9. UNCTAD (2004), UNCTAD SERIES ON TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT, Facilitating Transfer of Technology to Developing Countries: A Survey of Home-Country Measures, UNITED NATIONS, New York and Geneva.
    10. UNCTAD (1996), Fostering Technological Dynamism: Evolution OF Thought on Technological Development Process and Competitiveness: A Review Of Literature, N. Sales No. E.95.II.D.21.

     

     

     

     

    1. Ameri, Faysal;( 2007) Oil contracts and their role in technology transfer, Journal of Public Law, No. 3, pp. 40-46.
    2. Articles of Association of the National Iranian Oil Company, approved in 1977.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/97550

    1. Bennett D (2002), UNIDO and the World Summit on Sustainable Development Innovative Technology Transfer Framework Linked to Trade for UNIDO Action, economy environment employment , United Nation Industrial Development Organization, Vienna.
    2. Deputy Minister of Research and Technology,( June 2010) General Research Office of the Ministry of Oil, Comprehensive Strategic System for Research and Technology of the Oil Industry, approved by the Minister of Oil, p. 9.

    http://research.nigc.ir/Portal/home/default.aspx?categoryid=c53dd8ba-acb3-4ac3-a16c-a102ca196a63

    1. Derakhshan, Massoud,( Winter 2013) Favorable Characteristics of Oil Contracts: An Economic-Historical Approach to the Performance of Oil Contracts in Iran, Iranian Energy Economics Quarterly, pp. 133-53, Volume 3, Footnote p.67.
    2. Derakhshan, Massoud; Taklif, Atefeh; (2015) Technology Transfer and Development in the Upstream Sector of Iran's Oil Industry: Considerations on Concepts, Requirements, Challenges and Solutions, Iranian Journal of Energy Economics, Volume 4, Spring 14, Pages 33-88, Spring, p 65.
    3. Haji Mirzaei, Mohammad Ali et al.,( Winter 2016) Presenting a Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Oil Contracts from the Perspective of Safe Production - Case Study: Iran Mutual Sales Contracts, Quarterly Journal of Energy Economics Studies, Year 12, Number 51, Pages 181-213.
    4. Hatami, Ali; Karimian, Ismaeil, (2014) Foreign Investment Law in the Light of Investment Law and Contracts, Tisa Publications, Tehran.
    5. Iranian Oil Law approved in 1974.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/97129?keyword=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%20%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%20%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C

    1. Iranian Oil Law approved in 1987.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/91406

    1. Kazemi Najafabadi, Abbas;( 2014) Familiarity with oil contracts, Tehran, Shahr-e-Danesh Publications, first edition, p.88.
    2. Legal Affairs of the National Iranian Oil Company,( 2002) Collection of Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Laws and Regulations (before the Constitution until now), (1872-2002), Volume 1, Pages 1414-1, Tehran: General Department of Public Relations of the Ministry of Oil, February, p19.
    3. Maskus K.E. and Reichman J. H.; (2005), International Public Goods And Transfer Of Technology Under A Globalized Intellectual Property Regime, Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, UK, p 258.
    4. Manzoor, Davood, Amani, Massoud; Kohan Hooshnejad, Ruhollah,( Summer 2015) A Study of the Legal Status of Production Participation Contracts in the Laws of the Country, Iranian Journal of Energy Economics, Fourth Year, No. 15, pp. 183-217.
    5. Ministry of Oil,( 2020) Research, Technology and Commercialization Regulations of the Ministry of Oil, approved by the Minister of Oil.

    https://drt.mop.ir/Home/ShowPage.aspx?Object=NEWS&ID=d8cc8fe9-dc01-4b7e-9dcd-d5b4a93b869d&WebPartID=1b8b1f65-0148-4cb1-98a6-a9a0f67ed24f&CategoryID=5e5f6c13-b7af-4d3b-b11f-bb34ca19ec83

    1. Mousavi, Hassan;(2016) Legal analysis of the model of service contracts in the upstream sector of Iran's oil and gas industry with an emphasis on the new model of the new IPC contract, Tehran, Ganj Danesh Publications, pp. 290-292.
    2. Norouzi, Mohammad;(2017) Commitment to the result or by the condition of technology transfer in upstream oil contracts, Scientific Monthly Extension of Oil and Gas Exploration and Production, Imam Jafar Sadegh University, No. 142, Pages 13-18,
    3. Oil Documents, (1951)General Directorate of Publishing and Advertising, pp. 5-9.
    4. Nouri Kohani, Parviz; (2019) An approach to the comprehensive management system of research, technology and innovation of the Ministry of Petroleum, Exploration and Production, pages 7-13, number 79, pp. 7-8.
    5. Oil Act Amendment Law approved in 2011.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/print_version/793088

    1. Oil Law approved in 1957.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/94817

    1. Pakdaman, Reza; (2002) Types of International Oil Contracts - Their Advantages and Disadvantages, Design of Potential Facilities and Strategies for Attracting Foreign Investment in Oil and Gas Industries, National Iranian Oil Company, Research and Development Affairs of Oil Engineering and Development Company, No. 124, pp 47-48.
    2. Patel S. et al, (2001), INTERNATIONAL TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY: THE ORIGINS AND AFTERMATH OF THE UNITED NATIONS NEGOTIAT IONS ON A DRAFT CODE OF CONDUCT Kluwer Law International.
    3. Rahbari, Ebrahim, (2013) Technology Transfer Law, First Edition, Samat Publications, Tehran.p 16.
    4. Rahimi, Fathullah; (2016)Gradual evolution of Iran's international oil contracts, Tehran, Ganj-e-Danesh Publications.
    5. Shahniai, Ahmad,(2003) Technology Transfer Contracts and Its Conditions, Master dissertation in Private Law, Qom Campus University of tehran, p.13.
    6. Shiravi, Abdul Hussein; Ebrahimi, Sayed Nasrullah; Asgharian, Mojtaba (translator);(2009) Exploration and development of Iran's oil fields through reciprocal sale agreements, International Law Journal, Journal of the Center for International Legal Affairs, Volume 26, Number 41, Pages 243-262.
    7. Tawakul, Mohammad; Mehdizadeh, Mohammad Reza,( Fall 2007) A Study of Technology Development and Iran's Oil Industry 1978, A Look at the Sociology of Technology, Social Science Letter, No. 31, Pages 21-56, p. 36.
    8. Vaziri, Shahrokh; (2002)Oil and Power in Iran: From the Aqueduct to the Oil Pipe, translated by Morteza Saghebfar, Tehran: Atai Publishing Institute, 2, p. 280.
    9. UNCTAD (2004), UNCTAD SERIES ON TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT, Facilitating Transfer of Technology to Developing Countries: A Survey of Home-Country Measures, UNITED NATIONS, New York and Geneva.
    10. UNCTAD (1996), Fostering Technological Dynamism: Evolution OF Thought on Technological Development Process and Competitiveness: A Review Of Literature, N. Sales No. E.95.II.D.21.

     

     

     

     

    1. Ameri, Faysal;( 2007) Oil contracts and their role in technology transfer, Journal of Public Law, No. 3, pp. 40-46.
    2. Articles of Association of the National Iranian Oil Company, approved in 1977.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/97550

    1. Bennett D (2002), UNIDO and the World Summit on Sustainable Development Innovative Technology Transfer Framework Linked to Trade for UNIDO Action, economy environment employment , United Nation Industrial Development Organization, Vienna.
    2. Deputy Minister of Research and Technology,( June 2010) General Research Office of the Ministry of Oil, Comprehensive Strategic System for Research and Technology of the Oil Industry, approved by the Minister of Oil, p. 9.

    http://research.nigc.ir/Portal/home/default.aspx?categoryid=c53dd8ba-acb3-4ac3-a16c-a102ca196a63

    1. Derakhshan, Massoud,( Winter 2013) Favorable Characteristics of Oil Contracts: An Economic-Historical Approach to the Performance of Oil Contracts in Iran, Iranian Energy Economics Quarterly, pp. 133-53, Volume 3, Footnote p.67.
    2. Derakhshan, Massoud; Taklif, Atefeh; (2015) Technology Transfer and Development in the Upstream Sector of Iran's Oil Industry: Considerations on Concepts, Requirements, Challenges and Solutions, Iranian Journal of Energy Economics, Volume 4, Spring 14, Pages 33-88, Spring, p 65.
    3. Haji Mirzaei, Mohammad Ali et al.,( Winter 2016) Presenting a Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Oil Contracts from the Perspective of Safe Production - Case Study: Iran Mutual Sales Contracts, Quarterly Journal of Energy Economics Studies, Year 12, Number 51, Pages 181-213.
    4. Hatami, Ali; Karimian, Ismaeil, (2014) Foreign Investment Law in the Light of Investment Law and Contracts, Tisa Publications, Tehran.
    5. Iranian Oil Law approved in 1974.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/97129?keyword=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%20%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%20%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C

    1. Iranian Oil Law approved in 1987.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/91406

    1. Kazemi Najafabadi, Abbas;( 2014) Familiarity with oil contracts, Tehran, Shahr-e-Danesh Publications, first edition, p.88.
    2. Legal Affairs of the National Iranian Oil Company,( 2002) Collection of Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Laws and Regulations (before the Constitution until now), (1872-2002), Volume 1, Pages 1414-1, Tehran: General Department of Public Relations of the Ministry of Oil, February, p19.
    3. Maskus K.E. and Reichman J. H.; (2005), International Public Goods And Transfer Of Technology Under A Globalized Intellectual Property Regime, Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, UK, p 258.
    4. Manzoor, Davood, Amani, Massoud; Kohan Hooshnejad, Ruhollah,( Summer 2015) A Study of the Legal Status of Production Participation Contracts in the Laws of the Country, Iranian Journal of Energy Economics, Fourth Year, No. 15, pp. 183-217.
    5. Ministry of Oil,( 2020) Research, Technology and Commercialization Regulations of the Ministry of Oil, approved by the Minister of Oil.

    https://drt.mop.ir/Home/ShowPage.aspx?Object=NEWS&ID=d8cc8fe9-dc01-4b7e-9dcd-d5b4a93b869d&WebPartID=1b8b1f65-0148-4cb1-98a6-a9a0f67ed24f&CategoryID=5e5f6c13-b7af-4d3b-b11f-bb34ca19ec83

    1. Mousavi, Hassan;(2016) Legal analysis of the model of service contracts in the upstream sector of Iran's oil and gas industry with an emphasis on the new model of the new IPC contract, Tehran, Ganj Danesh Publications, pp. 290-292.
    2. Norouzi, Mohammad;(2017) Commitment to the result or by the condition of technology transfer in upstream oil contracts, Scientific Monthly Extension of Oil and Gas Exploration and Production, Imam Jafar Sadegh University, No. 142, Pages 13-18,
    3. Oil Documents, (1951)General Directorate of Publishing and Advertising, pp. 5-9.
    4. Nouri Kohani, Parviz; (2019) An approach to the comprehensive management system of research, technology and innovation of the Ministry of Petroleum, Exploration and Production, pages 7-13, number 79, pp. 7-8.
    5. Oil Act Amendment Law approved in 2011.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/print_version/793088

    1. Oil Law approved in 1957.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/94817

    1. Pakdaman, Reza; (2002) Types of International Oil Contracts - Their Advantages and Disadvantages, Design of Potential Facilities and Strategies for Attracting Foreign Investment in Oil and Gas Industries, National Iranian Oil Company, Research and Development Affairs of Oil Engineering and Development Company, No. 124, pp 47-48.
    2. Patel S. et al, (2001), INTERNATIONAL TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY: THE ORIGINS AND AFTERMATH OF THE UNITED NATIONS NEGOTIAT IONS ON A DRAFT CODE OF CONDUCT Kluwer Law International.
    3. Rahbari, Ebrahim, (2013) Technology Transfer Law, First Edition, Samat Publications, Tehran.p 16.
    4. Rahimi, Fathullah; (2016)Gradual evolution of Iran's international oil contracts, Tehran, Ganj-e-Danesh Publications.
    5. Shahniai, Ahmad,(2003) Technology Transfer Contracts and Its Conditions, Master dissertation in Private Law, Qom Campus University of tehran, p.13.
    6. Shiravi, Abdul Hussein; Ebrahimi, Sayed Nasrullah; Asgharian, Mojtaba (translator);(2009) Exploration and development of Iran's oil fields through reciprocal sale agreements, International Law Journal, Journal of the Center for International Legal Affairs, Volume 26, Number 41, Pages 243-262.
    7. Tawakul, Mohammad; Mehdizadeh, Mohammad Reza,( Fall 2007) A Study of Technology Development and Iran's Oil Industry 1978, A Look at the Sociology of Technology, Social Science Letter, No. 31, Pages 21-56, p. 36.
    8. Vaziri, Shahrokh; (2002)Oil and Power in Iran: From the Aqueduct to the Oil Pipe, translated by Morteza Saghebfar, Tehran: Atai Publishing Institute, 2, p. 280.
    9. UNCTAD (2004), UNCTAD SERIES ON TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT, Facilitating Transfer of Technology to Developing Countries: A Survey of Home-Country Measures, UNITED NATIONS, New York and Geneva.
    10. UNCTAD (1996), Fostering Technological Dynamism: Evolution OF Thought on Technological Development Process and Competitiveness: A Review Of Literature, N. Sales No. E.95.II.D.21.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    1. Ameri, Faysal;( 2007) Oil contracts and their role in technology transfer, Journal of Public Law, No. 3, pp. 40-46.
    2. Articles of Association of the National Iranian Oil Company, approved in 1977.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/97550

    1. Bennett D (2002), UNIDO and the World Summit on Sustainable Development Innovative Technology Transfer Framework Linked to Trade for UNIDO Action, economy environment employment , United Nation Industrial Development Organization, Vienna.
    2. Deputy Minister of Research and Technology,( June 2010) General Research Office of the Ministry of Oil, Comprehensive Strategic System for Research and Technology of the Oil Industry, approved by the Minister of Oil, p. 9.

    http://research.nigc.ir/Portal/home/default.aspx?categoryid=c53dd8ba-acb3-4ac3-a16c-a102ca196a63

    1. Derakhshan, Massoud,( Winter 2013) Favorable Characteristics of Oil Contracts: An Economic-Historical Approach to the Performance of Oil Contracts in Iran, Iranian Energy Economics Quarterly, pp. 133-53, Volume 3, Footnote p.67.
    2. Derakhshan, Massoud; Taklif, Atefeh; (2015) Technology Transfer and Development in the Upstream Sector of Iran's Oil Industry: Considerations on Concepts, Requirements, Challenges and Solutions, Iranian Journal of Energy Economics, Volume 4, Spring 14, Pages 33-88, Spring, p 65.
    3. Haji Mirzaei, Mohammad Ali et al.,( Winter 2016) Presenting a Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Oil Contracts from the Perspective of Safe Production - Case Study: Iran Mutual Sales Contracts, Quarterly Journal of Energy Economics Studies, Year 12, Number 51, Pages 181-213.
    4. Hatami, Ali; Karimian, Ismaeil, (2014) Foreign Investment Law in the Light of Investment Law and Contracts, Tisa Publications, Tehran.
    5. Iranian Oil Law approved in 1974.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/97129?keyword=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%20%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%20%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C

    1. Iranian Oil Law approved in 1987.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/91406

    1. Kazemi Najafabadi, Abbas;( 2014) Familiarity with oil contracts, Tehran, Shahr-e-Danesh Publications, first edition, p.88.
    2. Legal Affairs of the National Iranian Oil Company,( 2002) Collection of Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Laws and Regulations (before the Constitution until now), (1872-2002), Volume 1, Pages 1414-1, Tehran: General Department of Public Relations of the Ministry of Oil, February, p19.
    3. Maskus K.E. and Reichman J. H.; (2005), International Public Goods And Transfer Of Technology Under A Globalized Intellectual Property Regime, Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, UK, p 258.
    4. Manzoor, Davood, Amani, Massoud; Kohan Hooshnejad, Ruhollah,( Summer 2015) A Study of the Legal Status of Production Participation Contracts in the Laws of the Country, Iranian Journal of Energy Economics, Fourth Year, No. 15, pp. 183-217.
    5. Ministry of Oil,( 2020) Research, Technology and Commercialization Regulations of the Ministry of Oil, approved by the Minister of Oil.

    https://drt.mop.ir/Home/ShowPage.aspx?Object=NEWS&ID=d8cc8fe9-dc01-4b7e-9dcd-d5b4a93b869d&WebPartID=1b8b1f65-0148-4cb1-98a6-a9a0f67ed24f&CategoryID=5e5f6c13-b7af-4d3b-b11f-bb34ca19ec83

    1. Mousavi, Hassan;(2016) Legal analysis of the model of service contracts in the upstream sector of Iran's oil and gas industry with an emphasis on the new model of the new IPC contract, Tehran, Ganj Danesh Publications, pp. 290-292.
    2. Norouzi, Mohammad;(2017) Commitment to the result or by the condition of technology transfer in upstream oil contracts, Scientific Monthly Extension of Oil and Gas Exploration and Production, Imam Jafar Sadegh University, No. 142, Pages 13-18,
    3. Oil Documents, (1951)General Directorate of Publishing and Advertising, pp. 5-9.
    4. Nouri Kohani, Parviz; (2019) An approach to the comprehensive management system of research, technology and innovation of the Ministry of Petroleum, Exploration and Production, pages 7-13, number 79, pp. 7-8.
    5. Oil Act Amendment Law approved in 2011.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/print_version/793088

    1. Oil Law approved in 1957.

    http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/94817

    1. Pakdaman, Reza; (2002) Types of International Oil Contracts - Their Advantages and Disadvantages, Design of Potential Facilities and Strategies for Attracting Foreign Investment in Oil and Gas Industries, National Iranian Oil Company, Research and Development Affairs of Oil Engineering and Development Company, No. 124, pp 47-48.
    2. Patel S. et al, (2001), INTERNATIONAL TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY: THE ORIGINS AND AFTERMATH OF THE UNITED NATIONS NEGOTIAT IONS ON A DRAFT CODE OF CONDUCT Kluwer Law International.
    3. Rahbari, Ebrahim, (2013) Technology Transfer Law, First Edition, Samat Publications, Tehran.p 16.
    4. Rahimi, Fathullah; (2016)Gradual evolution of Iran's international oil contracts, Tehran, Ganj-e-Danesh Publications.
    5. Shahniai, Ahmad,(2003) Technology Transfer Contracts and Its Conditions, Master dissertation in Private Law, Qom Campus University of tehran, p.13.
    6. Shiravi, Abdul Hussein; Ebrahimi, Sayed Nasrullah; Asgharian, Mojtaba (translator);(2009) Exploration and development of Iran's oil fields through reciprocal sale agreements, International Law Journal, Journal of the Center for International Legal Affairs, Volume 26, Number 41, Pages 243-262.
    7. Tawakul, Mohammad; Mehdizadeh, Mohammad Reza,( Fall 2007) A Study of Technology Development and Iran's Oil Industry 1978, A Look at the Sociology of Technology, Social Science Letter, No. 31, Pages 21-56, p. 36.
    8. Vaziri, Shahrokh; (2002)Oil and Power in Iran: From the Aqueduct to the Oil Pipe, translated by Morteza Saghebfar, Tehran: Atai Publishing Institute, 2, p. 280.
    9. UNCTAD (2004), UNCTAD SERIES ON TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT, Facilitating Transfer of Technology to Developing Countries: A Survey of Home-Country Measures, UNITED NATIONS, New York and Geneva.
    10. UNCTAD (1996), Fostering Technological Dynamism: Evolution OF Thought on Technological Development Process and Competitiveness: A Review Of Literature, N. Sales No. E.95.II.D.21.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

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Petroleum Business Review
Volume 7, Issue 1 - Serial Number 21
Winter 2023
Pages 105-122

  • Receive Date 09 May 2022
  • Revise Date 12 August 2022
  • Accept Date 08 October 2022

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