Petroleum University of TechnologyPetroleum Business Review2645-47265220210401Selecting the Effectiveness Strategic Capability for Sustainable Development under Risk and Uncertainty in the Oil Industry: Rough Set Theory12312932810.22050/pbr.2021.265617.1159ENMohammadSomaliPhD Student, Department of Management, Masjed-Soleiman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Masjed-Soleiman, IranSaberMolaalizadeh ZavardehiAssistant Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Masjed-Soleiman Branch, Masjed-Soleiman, IranAliMahmoodiradAssociate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Masjed-Soleiman, Branch, Islamic Azad University, Masjed-Soleiman, IranSayeedGhaneAssistant Professor, Department of Management, Islamic Azad University, Masjed-Soleiman, Branch, Masjed-Soleiman, IranJournal Article20210103This research aims to select the most effective strategic capability for sustainable development under risk and uncertainty in the oil industry by rough set theory. The research methodology is qualitative and quantitative. The target population in the qualitative section included 14 industrial management specialists at the university level, and in the quantitative section, 32 senior managers in companies active in the oil industry. In this research, the meta-synthesis and Delphi analysis methods were used to identify the components and propositions of the research and, in a small part, the analytical approaches of Ruff collection. The results showed that among the 15 final statements of risk and uncertainty in the oil industry, the risk of change in domestic law relative to political/economic diplomacy in developing infrastructure for the oil industry X5 is the most crucial risk statement and uncertainty in the field. Political and legal risks have been identified as a measure of the strategic viability of sustainable development. Finally, it was found that despite the most probable risks selected in this study, namely the risk of changes in domestic law to political/economic diplomacy in the development of infrastructure of the oil industry “X5”, the existence of sanctions of the world powers “X1” strategic capabilities of sustainable economic development is the most crucial feature that should be considered in the country’s inflationary conditionshttps://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_129328_48d81d03b7965060c799bb9e682bcf6c.pdfPetroleum University of TechnologyPetroleum Business Review2645-47265220210401Providing a Model for Optimal Capital Structure in Gas Refining Companies and Determining Parameters Using the AHP Method253512963710.22050/pbr.2021.270402.1164ENSomayehAlimoradi GaghdariPh.D. Candidate, Department of Fnancial Management,Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish island, Iran0000-0002-7239-1990Mohamad RezaMehrabanpourAssistant Professor, Department of Management and Accounting, University of Tehran0000-0002-1086-5652AliNajafimoghadamAssistant Professor, Department of Accounting, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, South Tehran Branch, IranJournal Article20210126Companies have access to various financial resources to implement available profitable investment projects, settle overdue debts, increase working capital, and pay dividends to shareholders. Correct decision-making and the ability of companies to determine the appropriate financial resources are the main factors in company success. The effects of financing on the company’s return and risk are the most important goals that management should consider when choosing a financing method and selecting resources that minimize financing costs. In this research, the fuzzy Delphi method was first used to identify financing methods and the criteria for selecting the appropriate financing method. Then, the AHP method was used to prioritize the parameters. This study showed that efficiency, cost, sustainability, operationality, fairness, and transparency are the most important criteria for selecting financing methods in gas companies. Forming subsidiary consortia, receiving facilities, issuing participation bonds, creating an investing company, presence in the stock market, creating a shareholder plan have also been identified as financing methodshttps://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_129637_a81c791151946af30c9d8a23e9291a85.pdfPetroleum University of TechnologyPetroleum Business Review2645-47265220210401A Comprehensive Structural Equation Modeling for Financial Performance Evaluation of Petrochemical Companies375812963910.22050/pbr.2021.273756.1167ENSaberMollaalizadeh ZavardehiAssistant Professor, Industrial Management Department, Masjed-Soleiman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Masjed-Soleiman, Iran,MojtabaShiarbahadoriPh.D. Candidate, Industrial Management Department, Masjed-Soleiman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Masjed-Soleiman, Iran,AliMahmoodiradAssistant Professor, Department of Applied Mathematics, Masjed-Soleiman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Masjed-Soleiman, Iran, email: ali.mahmoodirad@iauctb.ac.irJournal Article20210217Financial performance evaluation emerged as a great academia and business concern in the competitive world today. In order to clarify the progress status and improvement trend of finance, it is of supreme significance to appoint a professional financial performance evaluation study for the supportable progress of enterprises. This research focused on the seven critical factors which represented principal effects on the financial performance of the Persian Gulf Petrochemical Companies. Experts and engineers of 12 companies in Persian Gulf Petrochemical Company have been surveyed by sampling method, in which 180 questionnaires have been completed, and the basis of the work has been used to achieve the research objectives. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approved the divergent validity of all desired factors and correspondent to the questionnaire. The nonparametric analysis demonstrated the study’s central hypothesis regarding the effectiveness of all under investigation parameters to meet the research goals. By the Friedman ranking test, the internal processes and external environment of the organization provided the highest and the lowest rank of impact on the financial performance of the petrochemical companies under review, respectively.https://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_129639_4cdd083f6fe64907d1abb7adafa4b261.pdfPetroleum University of TechnologyPetroleum Business Review2645-47265220210401An Empirical Analysis of Outsourcing Using Structural Equations: The Model of Outsourcing Development Management of Physical Assets in the Oil and Gas Industry597312964010.22050/pbr.2021.275877.1171ENSaeidTavakoliPh.D Candidate, Public Management,Department of Public Management , Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Email: tavakoli_sa@nigc.irFaridehHaghshenas Kashani*Assistant Professor, Department of Business Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Email: f_haghshenas@iauctb.ac.irAlirezaAmirkabiriAssociate Professor,Department of Public Management , Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Email: Ali.Amirkabiri@iauctb.ac.irJournal Article20210303Despite numerous upstream communications, there is still no comprehensive and reliable model for implementing these tasks, neither in the literature nor in the oil and gas industry. Previously developed models focus more on the outsourcing process. It seems that no outsourcing model has been developed to utilize internal capabilities in a portfolio of alliances and be compatible with the unique characteristics of Iran’s oil and gas industry. In an attempt to validate the components of the “model of development outsourcing physical assets in the oil and gas industry, with the approach of upgrading internal capacity”, this study used a questionnaire in a Likert scale (very high, high, moderate, low, and very low). One hundred two people participated, and 100 completed questionnaires were received from the population. The validity of the variables and the questionnaire were examined using confirmatory factor analysis. SPSS and Smart PLS software packages were used in this research, and the error probability level (α) was considered 0.05. The results showed that the model has a good fit. According to the Geiser index, the fit of the model was medium to high, and the goodness of fit criterion was equal to 461.0, indicating the optimal fit of the modelhttps://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_129640_020f9f4238caeb31fcc42ca0a14d065f.pdfPetroleum University of TechnologyPetroleum Business Review2645-47265220210401The Taking Over of a Foreign Investor’s Property by the Host State in International Petroleum Agreements: How International Arbitration Practice Responds758613075010.22050/pbr.2021.277665.1175ENHamid RezaYounesiAssistant Professor, LL.B; LL.M in Private Law, LL.M in International Business Law (Shahid Beheshti University of Iran); LL.M in International Oil and Gas Law & Policy (CEPMLP, University of Dundee, UK); DPhil in Law (University of York, UK); Email: hamid.r.younesi@alumni.york.ac.ukJournal Article20210316The present article aims to examine the risk of host governments’ interference with the property of foreign investors (expropriation) in the petroleum industry. Host states have the police power to make regulatory changes. The “police power” is defined as the inherent and plenary power of a sovereign to make all laws necessary and proper to preserve public security, order, health, morality, and justice. It is a fundamental power essential to government, and it cannot be surrendered by the legislature or irrevocably transferred away from government. The government can interfere with the contract, change the terms, or directly take the investment. This is why international petroleum disputes and arbitration practices have addressed such risk. For this purpose, the concept of property and compensable property rights under international law are significant. Indeed, expropriation conveys a deprivation of a property owner of this property. This paper assesses the concept of expropriation, the international legal requirements for a lawful expropriation, and then analyzes the relevant international arbitral awards in petroleum jurisprudence. https://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_130750_95949f61d4d3670c2acfdfed44f8633f.pdfPetroleum University of TechnologyPetroleum Business Review2645-47265220210401How Has Coronavirus Outbreak Affected Regional Energy Integration? Lessons and Recommendations for Iran879713075110.22050/pbr.2021.283172.1183ENEhsanRasoulinezhadAssistant Professor, University of Tehran, Email: e.rasoulinezhad@ut.ac.ir0000-0002-7726-1757Journal Article20210325The agreement of Iran with an integrated bloc like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization or Eurasian Economic Union to boost energy trade is considered an efficient factor in improving the multilateralism and regionalism of the Iranian economy. However, the outbreak of COVID-19 has had caused serious and unprecedented consequences on globalization and regionalization. This research seeks to find out the relationship between COVID-19 and regional energy integration for two cases of South Asia and the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). The panel data framework based on quarterly data over 2010Q1-2020Q2 is employed to estimate the coefficients of variables. The significant results reveal that the COVID-19 pandemic is a severe challenge for regional energy integration in these two unions. The integration of larger economies that are more developed and have a higher level of trade liberalization is disturbed by this pandemic. A policy implication based on the conclusions is that Iran may try to integrate regional energy with its neighbors and trading partners. However, to reduce the long-run negative impacts of the pandemic, Iran and its energy trade partners should plan to determine the types and magnitudes of adverse effects of the pandemic, regulating monetary and fiscal policies to encounter the negative influences. To the best of the author’s knowledge, despite some earlier researches on the effects of COVID-19 on macroeconomic variables in different countries and regions, there is no existing literature focusing on how the coronavirus affects economic integration. Therefore, this paper tries to fill in this literature gap.https://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_130751_938706e5e346fbc11f485871450ae13d.pdf