Oil and Gas Economics and Management
Mohammad Tavakkoli Mohammadi; Abbas Alimoradi; Mohsen Sarvi
Abstract
The research on the Markowitz model and optimization of its portfolio using a variety of evaluation indicators and metaheuristic-algorithms has always been the focus of attention of accounting and finance researchers. The results of studies carried out by various types of optimization method are different ...
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The research on the Markowitz model and optimization of its portfolio using a variety of evaluation indicators and metaheuristic-algorithms has always been the focus of attention of accounting and finance researchers. The results of studies carried out by various types of optimization method are different in the Markowitz modified models. The purpose of this study is to measure the optimal portfolio and its corresponding return with respect to the portfolio in the traditional Markowitz model as well as comparing the position of the refining and petrochemical companies versus stock market outperformers through integrating the operational criteria and the new indicators of liquidity by using the genetic algorithm in the Markowitz model. Therefore, financial data related to the research variables of 35 cases of refinery and petrochemical companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) from 2012 to 2016 fiscal years were extracted from Rahavard Novin database software and simulated by the genetic algorithm. The results show that returns on the stock portfolios optimized using the genetic algorithm without considering the liquidity limitations and filters are significantly and positively different from the returns on the stock portfolios optimized with regarding the liquidity limitations and filters. Furthermore, the application of liquidity limitations and filters to the formation of the optimal stock portfolios leads to a conservative increase in the choice of stocks (portfolio formation), which results in a reduction in the risk and return of investment in such portfolios.
Oil and Gas Economics and Management
Mansoureh Ram; Atefeh Taklif; Ali Faridzad
Abstract
The liberalization of natural gas markets and the emergence of gas hubs in recent decades have shifted the natural gas trade from the regional to the global trade. The growth and maturity of these hubs have weakened the previously established relationship between the natural gas price and the prices ...
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The liberalization of natural gas markets and the emergence of gas hubs in recent decades have shifted the natural gas trade from the regional to the global trade. The growth and maturity of these hubs have weakened the previously established relationship between the natural gas price and the prices of crude oil and petroleum products. Therefore, predicting the price of gas as a strategic commodity has become more important for different countries. Using the neural network method, this paper attempts to develop a model of the monthly prediction of natural gas price. Based on the time series data from 2012 to April 2019 as the input to the neural network, this model predicts the prices in five hubs and natural gas exchange centers in Europe. Based on the R2 performance evaluation index of 98% of the neural network model fitted based on the aforementioned data series, the neural network model has acceptable performance in predicting the natural gas price. The results of this study show that using the artificial neural network (ANN) method, the gas prices in the European gas hubs, which are located in European countries, can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy.
Oil and Gas Economics and Management
Pedram Edalat; Gholam Reza Salehi; Shahab Shahriari
Abstract
The economics of two different power generation systems for an offshore complex installed in the Persian Gulf is considered. The base case defines the present condition in which the total power demand of the complex is supplied by burning the associated natural gas extracted from the platform on board ...
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The economics of two different power generation systems for an offshore complex installed in the Persian Gulf is considered. The base case defines the present condition in which the total power demand of the complex is supplied by burning the associated natural gas extracted from the platform on board in its thermal power plant. The purposed scenario considers a wind farm located near Bardekhun in Bushehr province to be connected to the complex power network and shares its power generated by renewable resources with the platform. The average wind speed and the wind turbine power generation are considered to have uncertainty. Thus, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is used to consider the uncertainties in the average wind speed and the wind turbine power generation. The purposed scenario is found obviously more beneficial with some conservative assumptions. The results show an about 30% reduction in pollution and a profit of $3 million in a year
Oil and Gas Economics and Management
Abed Akbari; Tahere Moghri Moazen
Abstract
The pipeline project, Nord Stream 2 (NS2), has been an issue of controversies. Russia and Germany consider the project an economic contract, but the United-States and Eastern European countries have concerns about its geopolitical effects. These disputes have created a divide in Europe and have posed ...
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The pipeline project, Nord Stream 2 (NS2), has been an issue of controversies. Russia and Germany consider the project an economic contract, but the United-States and Eastern European countries have concerns about its geopolitical effects. These disputes have created a divide in Europe and have posed a threat to trans-Atlantic relations. The current research suggests NS2 can influence the strategic balance between great powers in the international system, giving energy leverage to Russia against United-States, and consequently to China by strengthening projects like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Our findings put forward that not only NS2, in case of realization, is a source of American decline, but also the debates on the issue are a sign of American struggling for protecting its precarious international position. By placing Europe in front of the United-States, NS2 could be one component of European strategic autonomy (ESA); meanwhile, it may jeopardize ESA by depending on Europe on Russia. Europe’s solution to gain ESA is to use its leverages such as normative one to manage the situation for outcomes like protecting Europe’s unity and economic interests.
Energy Management and Engineering
Saeid Tavakoli; Farideh Haghshenas Kashani; Alireza Amirkabiri
Abstract
Today, the strategy of outsourcing management, in economic enterprises and especially in governmental organizations, is one of the crucial issues in the field of procurement chain management and strategic alliance management. This issue in public organizations and institutions has its importance too. ...
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Today, the strategy of outsourcing management, in economic enterprises and especially in governmental organizations, is one of the crucial issues in the field of procurement chain management and strategic alliance management. This issue in public organizations and institutions has its importance too. Because these organizations usually have a wide range of missions and supply chains, they need a comprehensive plan for outsourcing according to macro policies and strategies. Despite this importance, few studies have addressed the models of outsourcing development in firms. Using the content analysis method, this study aims to explain the model of outsourcing development management in oil and gas industry. Also, a deductive approach applied to the theoretical framework is developed in practice through case analysis in Iranian Gas Transmission Company. This company has the control of most of physical oil and gas assets in Iran. In addition to the researchers’ observation and reviewing the related documents, the information required for the research was obtained through an interview with a significant number of senior managers and experts in Iran’s oil and gas industry. Using the theme analysis method, this information was analyzed, and the expected situation of the outsourcing development management in the industry, as well as its impact and interactions, was described and explained.
Law Studies
Hamid Reza Oloumi Yazdi; Mahyar Ebrahimi
Abstract
Natural gas infrastructure is growing and global LNG volumes are set to expand substantially. This results in more trade between different regions of the world and emergence of a more competitive and relatively more integrated global gas market. In addition, several key markets are currently undergoing ...
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Natural gas infrastructure is growing and global LNG volumes are set to expand substantially. This results in more trade between different regions of the world and emergence of a more competitive and relatively more integrated global gas market. In addition, several key markets are currently undergoing structural reform with the aim of opening them to competition. In line with these changes in the global market, gas pricing methods also need to be adapted. This paper discusses the challenges of natural gas pricing and price review in this new market environment. Firstly, the current structure of the global and regional gas markets is analyzed. Secondly, challenges in natural gas pricing and price review are discussed, and in this context oil-indexation and hub-indexation are analyzed in detail. Thirdly, the recommended framework for pricing and price review in the more competitive global market are presented. The pricing mechanism and price review framework should be tailored to the characteristics of the gas market and the stages of growth and maturity of the market.
Law Studies
Seyed mohammad Tabatabaeinejad; Foroogh Torabi
Abstract
Converting unused offshore oil and gas installations into artificial reefs as one of the alternative methods of decommissioning, is used in many coastal states across the globe for the purposes of coastal management, enhancement and attraction of living marine resources, protection and preservation goals. ...
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Converting unused offshore oil and gas installations into artificial reefs as one of the alternative methods of decommissioning, is used in many coastal states across the globe for the purposes of coastal management, enhancement and attraction of living marine resources, protection and preservation goals. Despite the positive impacts of artificial reefs, there are also potential negative impacts which require adequate maintenance of assets as well as, continuing monitoring and supervising. Although a lot of countries have comprehensive regulation on artificial reefs, many nations have blanket regulation requiring obsolete structures to be removed, yet it can bring about enormous environmental, socio-economic benefits. The sensitivity of deployment of structures as artificial reefs induced international and regional conventions to intervene and regulate the matter. The aim of this paper is to compare the most important international and regional conventions and critically compare and analysis them with the current Iran’s national laws and regulations. Iran is one of the biggest oil and gas producers and have a huge number of offshore installations which will require decommissioning in the coming years. Therefore, comprehensive national regulation should be enacted on decommissioning and also the possibility of creation artificial reefs. The authors seek out to evaluate the existing legislation in order to assess the potential capacity of Iran’s seas for converting the installations into artificial reefs.
Oil and Gas Economics and Management
Somayeh Alimoradi Jaghdari; Mohammad Reza Mehrabanpour; Ali Najafi Moghadam
Abstract
Companies have access to a variety of financial resources to implement available profitable investment projects, to settle overdue debts, to increase working capital, and to pay dividends to shareholders. These resources include cash from operating activities and the sale of assets (as intra-organizational ...
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Companies have access to a variety of financial resources to implement available profitable investment projects, to settle overdue debts, to increase working capital, and to pay dividends to shareholders. These resources include cash from operating activities and the sale of assets (as intra-organizational sources of financing), borrowing loans from the bank, issuance of bonds, and issuance of new shares (as outside the organization sources of financing). Financing and its effects on the returns and risk of the company choose sources that minimize financing costs. Then, to prioritize the parameters, the hierarchical method, Topsis, and ANP were used. The results of this study indicated that the factors of efficiency, cost, sustainability, being operational, fairness, and transparency have been the most important criteria for choosing the financing method, as well as forming sub-consortia, receiving facilities, issuing participation bonds, establishing investment companies, presence in the securities market, creating a shareholder plan, and finally attracting foreign capital have been identified as financing methods. Also, the transparency of the financing method in the surveyed companies to identify the appropriate financing method had the least importance.
Oil and Gas Economics and Management
Ali Moradi; Mohammad Hosseinpour; Yadolah Mehralizadeh
Abstract
This applied research was carried out to identify the primary and secondary components affecting organizational agility in the University of Petroleum Industry, PUT. In the qualitative section, by reviewing the researches and using a designed questionnaire, 13 hypotheses affecting the organizational ...
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This applied research was carried out to identify the primary and secondary components affecting organizational agility in the University of Petroleum Industry, PUT. In the qualitative section, by reviewing the researches and using a designed questionnaire, 13 hypotheses affecting the organizational agility of the PUT were evaluated. The statistical population includes 229 experts working in Ahvaz, Abadan, Tehran, and Mahmoudabad colleges. According to the results, out of 42 identified sub-components, 39 components and 13 main hypotheses were confirmed. The results show that the principal practical organizational agility components followed are organizational agility, human resource value creation, organizational leadership, strategic agility of managers, ICT management, training and empowerment of faculty and staff, establishing knowledge management, strengthening university infrastructure, and university culture. It should be noted that SMART PLS software and the partial squares technique were used to test the hypotheses.
Oil and Gas Economics and Management
Hamid Reza Modiri; Marjan Daman keshideh; Hooshang Momeni; Amirreza Keyghobadi; Ali Esmailzadeh Maghari
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of the asymmetric oil price shock, tax revenues, resource curse, stock market, and business cycles of Iran by using the structural vector auto regression model (SVAR) for the 1984-2018 period. According to results of the estimated SVAR model, an impulse ...
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This study was conducted to determine the effect of the asymmetric oil price shock, tax revenues, resource curse, stock market, and business cycles of Iran by using the structural vector auto regression model (SVAR) for the 1984-2018 period. According to results of the estimated SVAR model, an impulse imposed by the duration of sanctions on oil exports led to an 89% increase in production gap, and impulses caused by liquidity and stock price led to 86% and 53% rises in production gap, respectively. Variation in oil and foreign exchange earnings results in different and even conflicting changes in foreign and domestic sectors of the economy, which subsequently affect the economic performance positively or negatively. Regarding economic structure and principles, a constant increased exchange rate leads to economic growth while a cross-sectional increment in exchange rate does not lead to any economic prosperity. Increased exchange rate and decreased domestic money weakness will increase foreign debt, which in turn causes liquidity shortage. Overall, the liquidity shortage of economic firms has a negative impact on the return of stock and business cycles. Hence, policymakers must pay considerable attention to macroeconomic indicators.
Law Studies
Hamid Reza Younesi
Abstract
The present article aims to argue indirect expropriation in international petroleum agreements and analyze the response of international arbitrations. In particular, international arbitral awards by the Iran–US claims tribunal, the Yukos case as an energy charter treaty arbitration, and certain ...
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The present article aims to argue indirect expropriation in international petroleum agreements and analyze the response of international arbitrations. In particular, international arbitral awards by the Iran–US claims tribunal, the Yukos case as an energy charter treaty arbitration, and certain North American Free Trade Agreement cases have been examined. The recent trend shows that taking foreign investors’ property may occur not only through legislation or nationalization but also by indirect methods that can have the same effect as direct expropriation. Indirect expropriation does not necessarily require the transfer of legal title from the international oil company to the host state. Hence, it is difficult to distinguish between legitimate regulation and measures that are tantamount to expropriation with the payment of compensation. Identifying an indirect expropriation is complex and depends upon the examination of the legitimate expectations of the investor concerning the enjoyment of its investment. Host governments may employ different methods to achieve what amounts to direct taking, but without acknowledging it as such, to avoid legal consequences of expropriation and then payment of compensation
Oil and Gas Economics and Management
Peiman Farahani; Alireza Moini; Ruhollah Akbari
Abstract
Paying attention to special opportunities and trying to enumerate existing capabilities at the heart of regions by using the scientific and technological capacities available to them are some of the instances in which the shortfalls in development programs can be eliminated and the way can be paved for ...
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Paying attention to special opportunities and trying to enumerate existing capabilities at the heart of regions by using the scientific and technological capacities available to them are some of the instances in which the shortfalls in development programs can be eliminated and the way can be paved for a balanced progress at the local level with the fair distribution of opportunities. To this end, a transition from first (Education oriented) and second (Education and research oriented) generation universities, towards third generation (3G) universities which, in addition to education and research, actively seek to impact society and the economy, is one of the most central issues which can bring about full scale, dynamic, and sustainable progress in the regions based on science and technology. As a first step in the present research, attributes in third generation universities impacting regional progress have been examined by studying the resources. Using the Delphi method and Shannon’s entropy, the mentioned components and their weight were examined based on the opinions of 63 well-known experts active in the national oil industry and specialists in universities, and research, science and technology centers affiliated to the industry. Twenty-eight basic components and six principal components were approved in the survey of experts. Of these, three were prioritized and given weight in the following order:1) Formulating regional endogenous innovation and value creation ecosystems, 2) designing and implementing a regional skills, education, and training system, and 3) developing organizational capacities according to the new functions of regional universities.
Oil and Gas Economics and Management
Seyed Mohammad Shamsoddin
Abstract
This paper aims to show the asymmetric effect of oil shocks on Iran’s economy. It uses nonlinear time series models to investigate the asymmetric effect of oil shocks on resource allocation in Iran’s economy. The results show that adverse oil shocks have been more persistent during the last ...
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This paper aims to show the asymmetric effect of oil shocks on Iran’s economy. It uses nonlinear time series models to investigate the asymmetric effect of oil shocks on resource allocation in Iran’s economy. The results show that adverse oil shocks have been more persistent during the last decades and severely negatively affect resource allocation in Iran’s economy. Different oil shocks have different implications for importing and exporting countries, and the rigidity of state fiscal systems in exporting countries causes adverse oil shocks to be more persistent. The oil economy’s response to positive and negative oil shocks depends on the structure of the economy. The government budget and trade balance have significant implications for the effects of oil shocks on oil-exporting economies. The government budget is highly dependent on oil revenues, so in the case of adverse oil shocks, the pass-through exchange rate will cause high inflation because of foreign exchange shortage and overshoot in the exchange rate.
Asgar Khademvatani; Abdolsalam Ebrahimpour
Abstract
Considering global warming and importance of sustainable growth in economic sub-sectors, this paper presents and estimates an empirical model of renewable energy consumption for the industrial sector of selected OPEC and non-OPEC countries over the period 1990-2014. Panel co-integration estimates by ...
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Considering global warming and importance of sustainable growth in economic sub-sectors, this paper presents and estimates an empirical model of renewable energy consumption for the industrial sector of selected OPEC and non-OPEC countries over the period 1990-2014. Panel co-integration estimates by Pedroni (1999,2004) and Westerlund (2005,2006) show that, in the long term, increases in industrial value added per capita, real oil prices, and CO2 per capita are found to be major drivers behind per capita renewable energy consumption for both OPEC and Non-OPEC nations. Panel Granger causality by the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) method confirms that there are bi-directional causality relationship between research variables and therefore verify feedback hypothesis. Finally, FMOLS and DOLS results show that when industrial value added per person increases, per capital renewable energy consumption increases by greater magnitude in non-OPEC than OPEC countries; also an increase in CO2 emissions per person increases per capita renewable energy consumption by greater amount in non-OPEC than OPEC nations.
Accounting
Seyed Mohammad Javadi; Ali Mohammad Ghanbari; Arsalan Anisi
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the financial performance of provincial gas distribution companies as affiliates for National Iranian Gas Company. To this end, we identified financial performance indicators in accordance with the requirements of NIGC through a review of theoretical foundations ...
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the financial performance of provincial gas distribution companies as affiliates for National Iranian Gas Company. To this end, we identified financial performance indicators in accordance with the requirements of NIGC through a review of theoretical foundations and interviews with a number of financial and planning experts and then prioritized using the Analytical Hierarchy Process method. These indicators lied in four groups of liquidity, capital structure, profitability and activity criteria, respectively. Then, the weighted indicators were analyzed using TOPSIS technique in Expert-Choice software and the final ranking of the companies was provided. The results showed that based on the identified criteria, provincial gas companies of Hormozgan, Yazd, Markazi, and Kermanshah had a favorable financial performance and Ilam, Mazandaran, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Zanjan provincial gas companies had a weak financial performance with respect to other companies in three years under review and some suggestions have been made in this regard.
Oil and Gas Economics and Management
Asghar Mir-Mohammad Tabar; Asgar Khademvatani; Vahid Mohammadi; Hamid Reza Hosseinimehr
Abstract
Expanding use of renewable energies (RE) around the world is a critical mission to reach to global environmental policies. Largest share of global energy mix relates to deployable and carbon-intensive fossil fuels. So, it is necessary to create proper incentives for investors to invest in RE in order ...
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Expanding use of renewable energies (RE) around the world is a critical mission to reach to global environmental policies. Largest share of global energy mix relates to deployable and carbon-intensive fossil fuels. So, it is necessary to create proper incentives for investors to invest in RE in order to move toward low carbon economy. In this regard, one of the implemented policies is imposing tax on using deployable energies which includes tax on both energy consumption and motor vehicle transportation. This paper investigates impact of environmental tax policy on investors’ behavior for 13 leading selected developed and developing countries during the period 2004-2016. Based on economic theory, investment, particularly in capital-intensive energy industries would have a long gestation period. To capture this feature and evaluate dynamic relations of investments in RE, a partial-adjustment dynamic model is applied and estimated using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method. The results show that imposing tax on fossil fuel energy consumption and transportation systems, in particular that use fossil fuels, has a significant negative and positive impact on investing in RE, respectively. Also, empirical results demonstrate that there is a significant negative relation between interest rate (IR) and Investments in Renewable Energies (IRE).
Oil and Gas Economics and Management
Mahdi Rostami; Asghar Mirmohammadtabar; Nader Dashti
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental policies including price and non-price policies on natural gas demand in Iranian industrial sector. For this purpose, considering the dynamic nature of our panel data, we adopted Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method to estimate natural gas ...
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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental policies including price and non-price policies on natural gas demand in Iranian industrial sector. For this purpose, considering the dynamic nature of our panel data, we adopted Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method to estimate natural gas consumption for 22 Iranian industries from 2005 to 2015. The results illustrated that the annual average of natural gas consumption has been rising, reaching five times higher than the consumption of other fossil fuels. Among the industries, other non-metallic minerals industry with 8 percent of the total production and more than 25 percent natural gas consumption have been regarded as the most natural gas consumer industry. The results of our GMM model showed that non-price environmental policies are more effective than the price policies on natural gas consumption. Overall, in non-price policies, energy intensity seems more important comparing to CO2 emission reduction. We recommend that governmental energy policies should focus more on energy intensity improvement in Iranian industries through technological enhancement and fuel energy saving regulations.
Mirhossein Mousavi; Mohammad Mazraati
Volume 1, Issue 1 , November 2017, , Pages 3-8
Abstract
This paper explores the impact of crude oil futures prices on risk premium volatilities in the NYMEX futures market. For this purpose, the ARCH and GARCH methods are used to model risk premium volatilities and explore how crude oil futures prices influence the risk premium volatilities in futures contract ...
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This paper explores the impact of crude oil futures prices on risk premium volatilities in the NYMEX futures market. For this purpose, the ARCH and GARCH methods are used to model risk premium volatilities and explore how crude oil futures prices influence the risk premium volatilities in futures contract with a maturity of one-month, two-month and three-month over 1990-2014. In addition, it examines the impact of various maturities for futures contracts. The results indicate positive and statistically significant relationship between risk premium volatility and crude oil futures prices, and this relationship varies across the maturity length with change in maturity length. The longer the futures maturities, the higher the impact of futures crude oil prices on risk premium volatility is anticipated.
Ahmad Mousaei; Mohammad ali Hatefi; Seyyed Abdollah Razavi
Abstract
Today, Research and Development (R&D) activities in petroleum incubators are of vital importance and it is necessary to investigate different ways of commercializing the patents of these activities. The formulation of petroleum incubator strategy and coordinating it with technology strategy and corporate ...
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Today, Research and Development (R&D) activities in petroleum incubators are of vital importance and it is necessary to investigate different ways of commercializing the patents of these activities. The formulation of petroleum incubator strategy and coordinating it with technology strategy and corporate strategy can reduce the technology development and commercialization time period and creates comparative advantages. In this paper we develop an itemized model to draw a bead on the activities of petroleum incubators in a patent portfolio framework and to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of petroleum incubators. The model includes several categorized items that can be taken into account stage by stage. If this model is deployed in steady stages, the petroleum incubator can ensure that every new created idea will commercialize undoubtedly. Moreover, a considerable characteristic of the proposed model is the existence of programs for the patents application in prevailing and new created markets and also commercializing the patents of R&D activities to prevent the accumulation of unused knowledge in petroleum incubators. At the end of the paper, some suggestions to employ the model in real-life situations are recommended.
Seyed Mohammad Javadi; Abbas Alimoradi; Mohammad Reza Ashtiani
Abstract
Recent theories of firm dynamics emphasize on the role of financial variables as determinants of firm growth. Most of the technical literature shows that there is a positive relationship between financial leverage and firm growth. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether such relationship exists ...
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Recent theories of firm dynamics emphasize on the role of financial variables as determinants of firm growth. Most of the technical literature shows that there is a positive relationship between financial leverage and firm growth. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether such relationship exists among oil and gas companies within the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Data were collected from the selected members of the OPEC. The collected data was then analyzed using the Arellano and Bond (1991) GMM method and Sargan test. The results showed a significant and positive relationship between financial leverage and firm growth which is in line with the technical literature. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by examining a specific and important sector within several different countries. It shows the current theory is not affected by industry or country.
Oil and Gas Economics and Management
Ali Fakour; Vida Varahrami; Shahram Gohari Far
Abstract
As the largest exporter of non-oil products, the petrochemical industry’s growth and development have a significant role in economic prosperity. Considering the sanctions on crude oil exports in recent years and the problem of crude oil sales, it is essential to pay attention to this industry as ...
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As the largest exporter of non-oil products, the petrochemical industry’s growth and development have a significant role in economic prosperity. Considering the sanctions on crude oil exports in recent years and the problem of crude oil sales, it is essential to pay attention to this industry as an influential factor in circumventing sanctions and currency for the country, developing its economic strategy, and achieving sustainable economic development. In this study, the factors affecting the supply of methanol exports to the UAE, Turkey, China, and India export destinations in the period 2001–2009 are examined and analyzed. According to the studies, the factors that have affected the supply of Iranian methanol exports are the GDP of target countries, real exchange rate, exchange rate fluctuations, trade liberalization, price exchange ratio, refinery feed prices, and sanctions as the livestock variables. In this study, the actual exchange rate volatility index was estimated using the GARCH model. Then, the export supply model of Iran’s methanol product was calculated by the ARDL method. According to studies, the variables of GDP and trade liberalization have a positive and significant effect on the supply of Iranian exports in the short and long term. Still, other variables have a negative and significant impact on the supply of Iranian exports in the short and long term.
Law Studies
Mahsa Farhaanjam; Abdolhossein Shiravi
Abstract
Energy has been always the focus of attention since the establishment of the WTO.The significance of this issue was doubled when the major energy-producing countries states sought to join the WTO.To join the WTO,many energy-producing and energy-exporting states inevitably needed to modify and change ...
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Energy has been always the focus of attention since the establishment of the WTO.The significance of this issue was doubled when the major energy-producing countries states sought to join the WTO.To join the WTO,many energy-producing and energy-exporting states inevitably needed to modify and change their own laws.The adoption of a dual pricing policy by the applicant countries appears as one of the controversial issues in this regard.By determining lower energy prices for their domestic producers,the energy-rich countries provide them with a superior position relative to their international rivals.From the perspective of some energy-importing countries,such behaviors are seen as subsidizes.Iran as one of the largest energy-rich states,has been seeking about twenty years to join the WTO.Iran subsidizes its domestic producers to support its energy sector and infant industries.This article focused on examining the pricing policies,and in particular,the approach to determine the price of energy in Iran.In addition,we studied of the impact of the pricing method of the energy sector in Iran on the process of its accession to the WTO by a comparative evaluation of the accession process of the energy-producing countries such asRussia andSaudi Arabia to the WTO.Through studying the laws and regulations of the energy sector of Iran, one can realize that Iran has been distancing from DP in recent years and is striving to approach the price of its energy to the global price by benefiting fromthe experiences of the performance of the membercountries of the WTO aimed at accelerating the process of its accession to the WTO
Accounting
Abbas Alimoradi; Asgar Khademvatani; Fariba Gholami
Abstract
The main purpose of this research is to explain why and how the stock liquidity affects the default risk of petrochemical and petroleum products companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The study used experimental data and parametric tests in order to estimate the relationship between stock liquidity ...
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The main purpose of this research is to explain why and how the stock liquidity affects the default risk of petrochemical and petroleum products companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The study used experimental data and parametric tests in order to estimate the relationship between stock liquidity and default risk through information efficiency and corporate governance roles of stock liquidity. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is a descriptive-correlative study. All data required regarding the stock liquidity, price, trading volume and days, stockholder ownerships, etc., were extracted from Rahavard Novin database software. To investigate the relationship between variables, the multivariate regression analysis model using OLS method was applied in Eviews platform. The empirical findings showed that there is a significantly negative relationship between stock liquidity and default risk of petrochemical and petroleum product companies listed in TSE and also stock liquidity can affect the default risk through reducing the information asymmetry in the stock pricing process and strengthen the corporate governance. These results could provide visible signals based on the realities of the market in order to improve models to assess and predict the risk of default and lead managers and decision makers of suppliers, customers, partners and stakeholders, to conclude more flexible contracts with petrochemical and petroleum products companies and ultimately better mitigate business risks.
Oil and Gas Economics and Management
Azadeh Dabbaghi
Abstract
Rapid changes and competitions in today's world have shifted the role of governmental enterprises into regulating and directing activities. This has led to the need for the analysis of internal/ external situations and the revision of strategic planning of such companies. The Iranian Oil Terminals Company, ...
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Rapid changes and competitions in today's world have shifted the role of governmental enterprises into regulating and directing activities. This has led to the need for the analysis of internal/ external situations and the revision of strategic planning of such companies. The Iranian Oil Terminals Company, as one of the National Iranian Oil Company subsidiaries, has developed its vision, mission, and strategic plan. In this paper, the strategic planning was fulfilled for the Procurement and Supply system of IOTC, which has the role of supporting the primary activities of the company by sourcing, purchasing, warehousing, and delivering the requested materials. In this regard, different models of strategic planning were reviewed to design a suitable approach for strategy formulation. The adopted framework was implemented using the balanced scorecard approach and the results were presented step by step in the paper. . . . . . . . . . . .
Oil and Gas Economics and Management
Mohamad Nasr Esfahani; Mansoure Mahdizadeh; Ehsan Rasoulinezhad; Rahele Montazer
Abstract
This paper aims to show the asymmetric effect of oil shocks on Iran’s economy. It uses nonlinear time series models to investigate the asymmetric effect of oil shocks on resource allocation in Iran’s economy. The results show that adverse oil shocks have been more persistent during the last ...
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This paper aims to show the asymmetric effect of oil shocks on Iran’s economy. It uses nonlinear time series models to investigate the asymmetric effect of oil shocks on resource allocation in Iran’s economy. The results show that adverse oil shocks have been more persistent during the last decades and severely negatively affect resource allocation in Iran’s economy. Different oil shocks have different implications for importing and exporting countries, and the rigidity of state fiscal systems in exporting countries causes adverse oil shocks to be more persistent. The oil economy’s response to positive and negative oil shocks depends on the structure of the economy. The government budget and trade balance have significant implications for the effects of oil shocks on oil-exporting economies. The government budget is highly dependent on oil revenues, so in the case of adverse oil shocks, the pass-through exchange rate will cause high inflation because of foreign exchange shortage and overshoot in the exchange rate.
