Petroleum Business Review

Abstract In this paper, the competitive market of crude oil exports of Iran and the world is modeled using game theory. In the present research, we have focused on OPEC's internal competition within the game theory framework to analyze the economic conflicts between OPEC members in detail. In the conditions where each of the producers has their own goals and limitations, the amount of access to the desired goals for each producer depends not only on the decisions they make, but also is affected by the prevailing atmosphere in the oil market, including the strategy of other competitors, sanctions, and different situations of economic growth and oil sale price level. In recent years, Western countries, especially the United States, have imposed extensive sanctions against Iran, mainly targeting. In this regard, three players of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United States of America (USA) were defined and a model for the game between them was presented. Then the presented model was solved as a cooperative game and the equilibrium point was obtained for it. The results obtained showed that the three main players have the conditions for cooperation by choosing the options of "reducing pressure and fewer sanctions", "reducing pressure and cooperation", and "cooperation", and Iran can only improve its conditions by competing with Saudi Arabia in OPEC.

Abstract Southeast Asian countries have always been the focus of oil producers due to the increase in population and the trend of economic growth. In the last two decades, Indonesia has been prioritized as one of the new markets for Iran due to its high population and forecast to become the fifth largest economy in the world and the upward trend of energy demand. The purpose of this research is to investigate the capacities of Indonesia using the documentary library research method. Indonesia is a developing country and has an increasing economic and population growth trend, which is facing an increasing demand for energy. For this reason, this market is always the focus of major oil producers.

The results of this research show that the refinery capacity of Indonesia's need for petroleum products in the form of joint venture or take-off method to create a sales chain in this country can increase its dependence on Iran. And as a result, more market share can be obtained and also the joint investment cooperation in the upstream development sector with Indonesian oil companies in the direction of developing its fields is also significant. The first question in this research is “what are the capacities of joint cooperation with Indonesia in the field of oil industry”, and the second question is “what are the capacities of joint cooperation between Iran and Indonesia in the field of oil industry?”

Abstract In this study, consumption datas of hydrocarbon energy carriers in Iran during the years 1982-2017 were collected. A seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model in balanced panel data approach was proposed It can be beneficial to control energy demand. Results revealed that in the residential-commercial sector indicate that the consumption of hydrocarbon energy carriers with lag has a positive effect and the weighted average price of petroleum energy carriers includes a negative impact on the consumption of hydrocarbon energy carriers. In the industry sector, consumption of hydrocarbon energy carriers with lag includes a positive impact on the usage of hydrocarbon energy carriers, and the weighted average price of petroleum energy carriers has a negative effect on the consumption of hydrocarbon energy carriers. In the agriculture sector, the variables of energy intensity, value added of the agriculture sector, population and consumption of hydrocarbon energy carriers with lag have a positive impact on the usage of hydrocarbon energy carriers in this sector. In the transportation sector, gross domestic product, extremity of energy usage in the transportation part and consumption of hydrocarbon energy carriers with lag include a positive impact on the usage of hydrocarbon energy carriers in this sector and has a negative impact on the consumption of hydrocarbon

Abstract The agreement of Iran with an integrated bloc like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization or Eurasian Economic Union to boost energy trade is considered an efficient factor in improving the multilateralism and regionalism of the Iranian economy. However, the outbreak of COVID-19 has had caused serious and unprecedented consequences on globalization and regionalization. This research seeks to find out the relationship between COVID-19 and regional energy integration for two cases of South Asia and the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). The panel data framework based on quarterly data over 2010Q1-2020Q2 is employed to estimate the coefficients of variables. The significant results reveal that the COVID-19 pandemic is a severe challenge for regional energy integration in these two unions. The integration of larger economies that are more developed and have a higher level of trade liberalization is disturbed by this pandemic. A policy implication based on the conclusions is that Iran may try to integrate regional energy with its neighbors and trading partners. However, to reduce the long-run negative impacts of the pandemic, Iran and its energy trade partners should plan to determine the types and magnitudes of adverse effects of the pandemic, regulating monetary and fiscal policies to encounter the negative influences. To the best of the author’s knowledge, despite some earlier researches on the effects of COVID-19 on macroeconomic variables in different countries and regions, there is no existing literature focusing on how the coronavirus affects economic integration. Therefore, this paper tries to fill in this literature gap.

Abstract The challenge of environmental pollution and climate change have made countries to develop energy transition progress to move from non-renewable energy sources towards renewable ones. This paper seeks to consider energy transformation process and analyze its pattern in Iran by modeling through the ARDL bounding testing method over the period of 1993-2018. The empirical estimations depicted that in the long-run economic growth and inflation rate negatively impact on energy transformation of Iran, while increase in carbon dioxide emissions and appreciation of Iran’s national currency accelerate the energy transition process in Iran. Regarding the short-run relationship, the major results represented an evidence of positive impact of exchange rate on Iran’s energy transition process, while the other variables have negative coefficient. As a major concluding remark, for the case of Iran, the findings prove that the influential impacts of explanatory variables on energy transformation are stronger in long-run rather than in short-run. Therefore, the presence of efficient long-run energy planning is recommended.

Abstract Environmental tax reform can be used in a fundamental transformation towards a green economy. Green tax may reduce the energy consumption and pollution emissions, as well as other economic benefits. This study mainly focused on the effects of green taxes on labor demand in Iranian industry sector during 1980 – 2015. Regarding the double dividend hypothesis, green taxes may improve the employment by substitution between labor and energy. Using CES production function, the elasticity of substitution between labor and energy is estimated 0.48 percent for industry sector. Then, the effect of green taxes on labor demand is investigated subject to government’s fixed budget constraint and labor demand function. The results show that green tax will have positive effects on employment in the industry. During the transfer of the labor tax system to the green tax system, the environment and employment may improve, without additional cost to the government and producer.

Abstract Energy has been always the focus of attention since the establishment of the WTO.The significance of this issue was doubled when the major energy-producing countries states sought to join the WTO.To join the WTO,many energy-producing and energy-exporting states inevitably needed to modify and change their own laws.The adoption of a dual pricing policy by the applicant countries appears as one of the controversial issues in this regard.By determining lower energy prices for their domestic producers,the energy-rich countries provide them with a superior position relative to their international rivals.From the perspective of some energy-importing countries,such behaviors are seen as subsidizes.Iran as one of the largest energy-rich states,has been seeking about twenty years to join the WTO.Iran subsidizes its domestic producers to support its energy sector and infant industries.This article focused on examining the pricing policies,and in particular,the approach to determine the price of energy in Iran.In addition,we studied of the impact of the pricing method of the energy sector in Iran on the process of its accession to the WTO by a comparative evaluation of the accession process of the energy-producing countries such asRussia andSaudi Arabia to the WTO.Through studying the laws and regulations of the energy sector of Iran, one can realize that Iran has been distancing from DP in recent years and is striving to approach the price of its energy to the global price by benefiting fromthe experiences of the performance of the membercountries of the WTO aimed at accelerating the process of its accession to the WTO