@article { author = {Edalat, Pedram and Salehi, Gholam Reza and Shahriari, Shahab}, title = {Techno-Economic Assessment of Power Supply in Offshore Platforms by Renewable and Conventional Sources}, journal = {Petroleum Business Review}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {1-14}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Petroleum University of Technology}, issn = {2645-4726}, eissn = {2645-4734}, doi = {10.22050/pbr.2019.113879}, abstract = {The economics of two different power generation systems for an offshore complex installed in the Persian Gulf is considered. The base case defines the present condition in which the total power demand of the complex is supplied by burning the associated natural gas extracted from the platform on board in its thermal power plant. The purposed scenario considers a wind farm located near Bardekhun in Bushehr province to be connected to the complex power network and shares its power generated by renewable resources with the platform. The average wind speed and the wind turbine power generation are considered to have uncertainty. Thus, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is used to consider the uncertainties in the average wind speed and the wind turbine power generation. The purposed scenario is found obviously more beneficial with some conservative assumptions. The results show an about 30% reduction in pollution and a profit of $3 million in a year}, keywords = {oilfield,Renewable Energy,wind power,Environmental pollution,Persian Gulf}, url = {https://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_113879.html}, eprint = {https://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_113879_87c57b2d14df7175242159eed005db0b.pdf} } @article { author = {Shokri, Morteza and Esmaeili Ardakani, Ali}, title = {Geopolitical Future of Oil Market in Shadow of USA Sanctions Policy}, journal = {Petroleum Business Review}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {15-25}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Petroleum University of Technology}, issn = {2645-4726}, eissn = {2645-4734}, doi = {10.22050/pbr.2019.113880}, abstract = {Economic sanctions imposed on heterogeneous states have played an important role as a tool of pressure in recent decades. Considering that most states nonconforming with the US are important players on the energy market, large part of this country’s sanctions policies has focused on the energy sector. With the evolution of the US shale oil industry, using energy as a tool of sanctions against target countries has received increasing attention by the US presidents in recent years. The US is using the geopolitical shift as an international strategy to compete with other powers in the energy sector such as Iran, Venezuela, and Russia. The US aims to use its energy embargo policy to curtail the influence of these players on the energy market and prevent their anti-American policies by fermenting economic crises within these countries. The question arises as to the extent of the effectiveness and sustainability of this US foreign policy strategy in a transitional international order. The article hypothesis is that due to inefficient unconventional resources in terms of market crisis, the rise of counter-hegemonic coalitions, and geopolitical tensions in regions such as the Middle East, one cannot be too optimistic about the sustainability of this situation. The authors of the article will endeavor to explain the above hypothesis within the framework of the hegemony theory and by using the trend-analysis technique while addressing the driving forces.}, keywords = {geopolitical,Energy,Sanctions,Shale Oil,Hegemony}, url = {https://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_113880.html}, eprint = {https://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_113880_c04317e68ae223d502b2e856228d9793.pdf} } @article { author = {Rezvani, Mehran and Soltanzadeh, Samineh}, title = {A Model of Sustainable Internationalization in Technology-Based Businesses: Case Study of Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Industry}, journal = {Petroleum Business Review}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {27-41}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Petroleum University of Technology}, issn = {2645-4726}, eissn = {2645-4734}, doi = {10.22050/pbr.2019.113682}, abstract = {Internationalization of businesses is considered as a key factor in economic development and growth of the economic entities. On the other hand, the ability of the system in terms of endurance and reliability is inevitably dependent on the success that the system gains in communicating with the external environment; in other words, the sustainability of the system entirely depends on the system capability in terms of adaptation and responsiveness to the environment. Furthermore, technology-based businesses are highly dynamic and use different internationalization patterns. A literature review shows that comprehensive studies have not been conducted despite the necessity of today’s businesses to move toward sustainable internationalization. Therefore, this research examines the existing patterns by presenting a model of sustainable internationalization in technology-based businesses. In the present study, six technology-based businesses in oil and gas industry have been investigated using a multi-case interview method. The validity and reliability of the data collection tools have been confirmed. The results of the interviews performed during the two coding stages revealed that economic, environmental, social, and technological factors are among the factors influencing the adoption of sustainable business internationalization strategies along with a focus on a sustainable business model. This study also presents different types of sustainable internationalization strategies and classifies the sustainability index of internationalization under two categories of profitability and sustainability of the relationships in the network.}, keywords = {Internationalization,Sustainable Internationalization,Sustainable Business Model,Oil,gas and petrochemical industry}, url = {https://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_113682.html}, eprint = {https://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_113682_9531d0b30560a57ad58337ae9608a022.pdf} } @article { author = {Rashidi, Mohsen}, title = {Fluctuations and Changes in Expected Rate of Return Based on Comparability and Environmental Uncertainty in Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Firms}, journal = {Petroleum Business Review}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {43-51}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Petroleum University of Technology}, issn = {2645-4726}, eissn = {2645-4734}, doi = {10.22050/pbr.2019.113683}, abstract = {The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of comparability and environmental uncertainty on the expected rate of return. The current study utilizes panel regression method estimator to investigate the relationship between comparability, environmental uncertainty, and the expected rate of return of 500 firm-year observations in oil, gas, and petrochemical firms listed in Iran Securities and Stock Exchanges for the period of 2009 to 2018. The results show that the comparability and uncertainty have a significant effect on the expected rate of return. In other words, the expected rate of return is a function of comparability, and it varies at different levels of comparability.}, keywords = {Cost of Capital,Comparability,Uncertainty}, url = {https://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_113683.html}, eprint = {https://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_113683_f05bdbb8a5a8538e48f708b408310fba.pdf} } @article { author = {Mansour Esfahani, Mohammad Reza and Bozorgmehr, Amir Abbas}, title = {Role Analysis of Contract Aim in INCOTERMS 2020 as Main Cause of Transfer of Risks of Petroleum and Refinery Equipment}, journal = {Petroleum Business Review}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {53-60}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Petroleum University of Technology}, issn = {2645-4726}, eissn = {2645-4734}, doi = {10.22050/pbr.2019.113670}, abstract = {The international chamber of commerce (ICC) created a generally accepted set of terms named INCOTERMS 2020 which provides that the risk of the loss of or damage to the goods passes from the seller to the buyer when the seller has fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods. However, this rule is based on a false base, which causes numerous exceptions where the goods are delivered, but the risk remains on behalf of the seller. In this paper, we will prove that there is only one unexceptional factor which indicates whether the risk has passed through the other side or still remains with it; that factor is reaching the aim. The aim has a composite nature, and preparing the last part of that nature allows reaching the goal; this is the main reason for transferring the risk of the thing. Thus, when the buyer’s aim from the contract is fulfilled, the risk of the goods will be transferred to him or her, and when the seller’s aim from the contract is met, the risk of the price will be transferred to him or her. Generally, the aim or the cause of the obligations should be defined as the acquirement of the property and the possession of the thing which is peaceful and useful for enjoying with security. Hence, each term will be separately analyzed by the theory of the cause of the obligations in the civil law of France, and we will name this totally new theory which defines the goal as a composite nature the theory of the spirit level of the risk. The international chamber of commerce (ICC) created a generally accepted set of terms named INCOTERMS 2020 which provides that the risk of the loss of or damage to the goods passes from the seller to the buyer when the seller has fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods. However, this rule is based on a false base, which causes numerous exceptions where the goods are delivered, but the risk remains on behalf of the seller. In this paper, we will prove that there is only one unexceptional factor which indicates whether the risk has passed through the other side or still remains with it; that factor is reaching the aim. The aim has a composite nature, and preparing the last part of that nature allows reaching the goal; this is the main reason for transferring the risk of the thing. Thus, when the buyer’s aim from the contract is fulfilled, the risk of the goods will be transferred to him or her, and when the seller’s aim from the contract is met, the risk of the price will be transferred to him or her. Generally, the aim or the cause of the obligations should be defined as the acquirement of the property and the possession of the thing which is peaceful and useful for enjoying with security. Hence, each term will be separately analyzed by the theory of the cause of the obligations in the civil law of France, and we will name this totally new theory which defines the goal as a composite nature the theory of the spirit level of the risk.  }, keywords = {cause of obligations,petroleum contracts aim,composite nature,spirit level of the risk,aim bubble}, url = {https://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_113670.html}, eprint = {https://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_113670_e01b053f2cb22fa8a580685e242d61ba.pdf} } @article { author = {Sayeedi, Omid and Naderiyan, Arash and Khozain, Ali and Didehkhani, Hasan}, title = {Designing Total Interpretive Structural Model of Entrepreneurial Orientation}, journal = {Petroleum Business Review}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {61-72}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Petroleum University of Technology}, issn = {2645-4726}, eissn = {2645-4734}, doi = {10.22050/pbr.2019.113685}, abstract = {Entering today’s competitive world, most businesses, especially small and medium-sized businesses (SMSs), have been overwhelmed and frustrated by the monopoly structures of developing economies most of the time because of the recession and the sanctions of powerful countries. The intensity of this tension has increased several times. Thus, the need to focus on entrepreneurial orientation as a strategic principle will be a way to improve and develop these businesses effectively in the economies of societies, especially developing societies such as our society. The purpose of this research is designing a total interpretive structural model (TISM)of the entrepreneurial orientation of SMEs in oil industry. In this qualitative and quantitative methodology, five university experts in the field of entrepreneurship participated in the meta-analysis and Delphi field to identify the research components and propositions from the same research and to reach competence. The identified component theory and propositions were analyzed by Delphi analysis. In the quantitative part, with the participation of 25 managers of SMEs in oil industry and using matrix questionnaires, the identified propositions were stratified into a range of the most influential propositions to the least effective ones. The results of the qualitative analysis section revealed the existence of three main components based on 15 statements. According to the findings in the quantitative section, technologically, the most influential causes in the oriented SMEs in oil industry are the entrepreneurial businesses.}, keywords = {Entrepreneurial Orientation,Total Interpretive/Structural Model,SMEs}, url = {https://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_113685.html}, eprint = {https://pbr.put.ac.ir/article_113685_dc32120936c48490278440d1926aa1b5.pdf} }